高维计算（HDC）是用于数据表示和学习的范式，起源于计算神经科学。HDC将数据表示为高维，低精度向量，可用于学习或召回等各种信息处理任务。高维空间的映射是HDC中的一个基本问题，现有方法在输入数据本身是高维时会遇到可伸缩性问题。在这项工作中，我们探索了一个基于哈希的流媒体编码技术。我们正式表明，这些方法在学习应用程序的性能方面具有可比的保证，同时比现有替代方案更有效。我们在一个流行的高维分类问题上对这些结果进行了实验验证，并表明我们的方法很容易扩展到非常大的数据集。

神经架构搜索（NAS）在神经网络（NN）的设计和部署方面具有显着提高的生产率。由于NAS通常通过部分或完全训练多个模型来评估多个模型，因此提高的生产率是以大量碳足迹为代价的。为了减轻这种昂贵的训练例程，零击/成本代理在初始化时分析了NN以产生分数，这与其真正的准确性高度相关。零成本代理目前是由专家设计的，这些专家对可能的算法，数据集和神经体系结构设计空间进行了多个经验测试。这降低了生产率，并且是对零成本代理设计的一种不可持续的方法，因为深度学习用例本质上多样化。此外，现有的零成本代理无法跨越神经体系结构设计空间。在本文中，我们提出了一个基因编程框架，以自动化发现零成本代理以进行神经体系结构评分。我们的方法有效地发现了一个可解释且可推广的零成本代理，该代理在NASBENCH-2010和网络设计空间（NDS）的所有数据集和搜索空间上提供了最高得分 - 准确性的相关性。我们认为，这项研究表明了自动发现可以跨网络体系结构设计空间，数据集和任务的零成本代理的有希望的方向。

我们介绍了有监督的对比度积极学习（SCAL），并根据功能相似性（功能IM）和基于主成分分析的基于特征重建误差（FRE）提出有效的活动学习策略，以选择具有不同特征表示的信息性数据示例。我们证明了我们提出的方法可实现最新的准确性，模型校准并减少在图像分类任务上平衡和不平衡数据集的主动学习设置中的采样偏差。我们还评估了模型的鲁棒性，从主动学习环境中不同查询策略得出的分配转移。使用广泛的实验，我们表明我们提出的方法的表现优于高性能密集型方法，从而使平均损坏误差降低了9.9％，在数据集偏移下的预期校准误差降低了7.2％，而AUROC降低了8.9％的AUROC。检测。

Machine learning-based segmentation in medical imaging is widely used in clinical applications from diagnostics to radiotherapy treatment planning. Segmented medical images with ground truth are useful for investigating the properties of different segmentation performance metrics to inform metric selection. Regular geometrical shapes are often used to synthesize segmentation errors and illustrate properties of performance metrics, but they lack the complexity of anatomical variations in real images. In this study, we present a tool to emulate segmentations by adjusting the reference (truth) masks of anatomical objects extracted from real medical images. Our tool is designed to modify the defined truth contours and emulate different types of segmentation errors with a set of user-configurable parameters. We defined the ground truth objects from 230 patient images in the Glioma Image Segmentation for Radiotherapy (GLIS-RT) database. For each object, we used our segmentation synthesis tool to synthesize 10 versions of segmentation (i.e., 10 simulated segmentors or algorithms), where each version has a pre-defined combination of segmentation errors. We then applied 20 performance metrics to evaluate all synthetic segmentations. We demonstrated the properties of these metrics, including their ability to capture specific types of segmentation errors. By analyzing the intrinsic properties of these metrics and categorizing the segmentation errors, we are working toward the goal of developing a decision-tree tool for assisting in the selection of segmentation performance metrics.

The previous fine-grained datasets mainly focus on classification and are often captured in a controlled setup, with the camera focusing on the objects. We introduce the first Fine-Grained Vehicle Detection (FGVD) dataset in the wild, captured from a moving camera mounted on a car. It contains 5502 scene images with 210 unique fine-grained labels of multiple vehicle types organized in a three-level hierarchy. While previous classification datasets also include makes for different kinds of cars, the FGVD dataset introduces new class labels for categorizing two-wheelers, autorickshaws, and trucks. The FGVD dataset is challenging as it has vehicles in complex traffic scenarios with intra-class and inter-class variations in types, scale, pose, occlusion, and lighting conditions. The current object detectors like yolov5 and faster RCNN perform poorly on our dataset due to a lack of hierarchical modeling. Along with providing baseline results for existing object detectors on FGVD Dataset, we also present the results of a combination of an existing detector and the recent Hierarchical Residual Network (HRN) classifier for the FGVD task. Finally, we show that FGVD vehicle images are the most challenging to classify among the fine-grained datasets.

Research has shown that climate change creates warmer temperatures and drier conditions, leading to longer wildfire seasons and increased wildfire risks in the United States. These factors have in turn led to increases in the frequency, extent, and severity of wildfires in recent years. Given the danger posed by wildland fires to people, property, wildlife, and the environment, there is an urgency to provide tools for effective wildfire management. Early detection of wildfires is essential to minimizing potentially catastrophic destruction. In this paper, we present our work on integrating multiple data sources in SmokeyNet, a deep learning model using spatio-temporal information to detect smoke from wildland fires. Camera image data is integrated with weather sensor measurements and processed by SmokeyNet to create a multimodal wildland fire smoke detection system. We present our results comparing performance in terms of both accuracy and time-to-detection for multimodal data vs. a single data source. With a time-to-detection of only a few minutes, SmokeyNet can serve as an automated early notification system, providing a useful tool in the fight against destructive wildfires.

Recent work has shown that fine-tuning large pre-trained language models on a collection of tasks described via instructions, a.k.a. instruction-tuning, improves their zero and few-shot generalization to unseen tasks. However, there is a limited understanding of the performance trade-offs of different decisions made during the instruction-tuning process. These decisions include the scale and diversity of the instruction-tuning benchmark, different task sampling strategies, fine-tuning with and without demonstrations, training using specialized datasets for reasoning and dialogue, and finally, the fine-tuning objectives themselves. In this paper, we characterize the effect of instruction-tuning decisions on downstream task performance when scaling both model and benchmark sizes. To this end, we create OPT-IML Bench: a large benchmark for Instruction Meta-Learning (IML) of 2000 NLP tasks consolidated into task categories from 8 existing benchmarks, and prepare an evaluation framework to measure three types of model generalizations: to tasks from fully held-out categories, to held-out tasks from seen categories, and to held-out instances from seen tasks. Through the lens of this framework, we first present insights about instruction-tuning decisions as applied to OPT-30B and further exploit these insights to train OPT-IML 30B and 175B, which are instruction-tuned versions of OPT. OPT-IML demonstrates all three generalization abilities at both scales on four different evaluation benchmarks with diverse tasks and input formats -- PromptSource, FLAN, Super-NaturalInstructions, and UnifiedSKG. Not only does it significantly outperform OPT on all benchmarks but is also highly competitive with existing models fine-tuned on each specific benchmark. We release OPT-IML at both scales, together with the OPT-IML Bench evaluation framework.

Quantum computing (QC) promises significant advantages on certain hard computational tasks over classical computers. However, current quantum hardware, also known as noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers (NISQ), are still unable to carry out computations faithfully mainly because of the lack of quantum error correction (QEC) capability. A significant amount of theoretical studies have provided various types of QEC codes; one of the notable topological codes is the surface code, and its features, such as the requirement of only nearest-neighboring two-qubit control gates and a large error threshold, make it a leading candidate for scalable quantum computation. Recent developments of machine learning (ML)-based techniques especially the reinforcement learning (RL) methods have been applied to the decoding problem and have already made certain progress. Nevertheless, the device noise pattern may change over time, making trained decoder models ineffective. In this paper, we propose a continual reinforcement learning method to address these decoding challenges. Specifically, we implement double deep Q-learning with probabilistic policy reuse (DDQN-PPR) model to learn surface code decoding strategies for quantum environments with varying noise patterns. Through numerical simulations, we show that the proposed DDQN-PPR model can significantly reduce the computational complexity. Moreover, increasing the number of trained policies can further improve the agent's performance. Our results open a way to build more capable RL agents which can leverage previously gained knowledge to tackle QEC challenges.

Information diffusion in Online Social Networks is a new and crucial problem in social network analysis field and requires significant research attention. Efficient diffusion of information are of critical importance in diverse situations such as; pandemic prevention, advertising, marketing etc. Although several mathematical models have been developed till date, but previous works lacked systematic analysis and exploration of the influence of neighborhood for information diffusion. In this paper, we have proposed Common Neighborhood Strategy (CNS) algorithm for information diffusion that demonstrates the role of common neighborhood in information propagation throughout the network. The performance of CNS algorithm is evaluated on several real-world datasets in terms of diffusion speed and diffusion outspread and compared with several widely used information diffusion models. Empirical results show CNS algorithm enables better information diffusion both in terms of diffusion speed and diffusion outspread.

The automated synthesis of correct-by-construction Boolean functions from logical specifications is known as the Boolean Functional Synthesis (BFS) problem. BFS has many application areas that range from software engineering to circuit design. In this paper, we introduce a tool BNSynth, that is the first to solve the BFS problem under a given bound on the solution space. Bounding the solution space induces the synthesis of smaller functions that benefit resource constrained areas such as circuit design. BNSynth uses a counter-example guided, neural approach to solve the bounded BFS problem. Initial results show promise in synthesizing smaller solutions; we observe at least \textbf{3.2X} (and up to \textbf{24X}) improvement in the reduction of solution size on average, as compared to state of the art tools on our benchmarks. BNSynth is available on GitHub under an open source license.